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Biology of Reproduction, Vol 24, 609-616, Copyright © 1981 by Society for the Study of Reproduction

Diurnal Steroid Patterns During Gestation in the Rhesus Macaque: Onset, Daily Variation, and the Effects of Dexamethasone Treatment

DAVID L. HESS 1, HAROLD G. SPIES 1, , and ANDREW G. HENDRICKX 2

1 Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
2 California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616


Serum samples for cortisol, estradiol-17beta (E2), and progesterone analysis were obtained twice daily or more frequently to determine the onset of diurnal steroid patterns in the maternal circulation of pregnant rhesus monkeys. The expected a.m./p.m. fluctuations in serum cortisol (31.6/22.9 µg/dl) were evident from Day 25, whereas nocturnal elevations in progesterone (9.62/16.31 ng/ml) were demonstrable on Day 30, and diurnal increments in E2 (283/138 pg/ml), coincident with those of cortisol, appeared about Day 40. Microscopic examination of fetal adrenals from rhesus embryos (ages 30 to 50 days) indicated that the gland differentiates and undergoes extensive development when diurnal E2 release first appears.

Administration of 1.0 mg of dexamethasone twice daily to pregnant animals on Days 124 to 130 was accompanied by 1) complete suppression of cortisol release, 2) loss of the diurnal E2 pattern, which was associated with a marked reduction in serum E2, and 3) eventual loss of the nocturnal elevation in serum progesterone without altering its basal levels. Similar treatment earlier in gestation reduced serum levels of both cortisol and E2 without influencing the diurnal serum patterns of these hormones or progesterone. These results support the concept that maternal estrogen levels depend on a functional fetal adrenal and further suggest the hypothesis that the inverse patterns in serum cortisol and progesterone are related to altered binding of progesterone to serum proteins as adrenal activity varies throughout the day.

Further evidence supporting the hypothesis of steroid-serum protein interaction was the appearance of nocturnal increments in serum progesterone in ovariectomized animals treated with Silastic capsules containing progesterone and the absence of such increments in similarly treated ovairectomized animals after pituitary stalk section to suppress circadian adrenal activity. It is now clear that diurnal rhythms in serum E3 and progesterone as well as cortisol are present during most of gestation in the rhesus macaque, but the physiological importance of such rhythms remains to be elucidated.

Note:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work described in this article, Publication No. 1123 of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, was supported by NIH grants RR-00163 and RR-00169 and contract N-01-HD-1-2088. Technical assistance was provided by the animal care and laboratory staff at both the Oregon and the California Regional Primate Research Centers. Lois Hasebe and Marilyn Stinnett typed the manuscript, and Janina Ely provided editorial advice. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Scott Walsh for helpful discussion and criticism, and to Drs. Gary Jackson and Reid Norman for permission to use portions of their progesterone data on ovariectomized animals.

Submitted on June 16, 1980
Accepted on November 10, 1980




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Copyright © 1981 by the Society for the Study of Reproduction.