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a Division of Urology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical College, Fukushima, Japan
c Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
We have been interested in determining the minimally required elements in the sperm head that are necessary in order for the paternal genome to participate in embryogenesis. We used an ionic detergent, mixed alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (ATAB), plus dithiothreitol (DTT) to remove the acrosome and almost all of the perinuclear theca, leaving only the sperm nucleus morphologically intact. We also tested the stability of the sperm nuclear matrix by the ability to form nuclear halos. Sperm nuclei washed in freshly prepared 0.5% ATAB + 2 mM DTT completely decondensed when extracted with salt, but nuclei washed in the same buffer that was 1 wk old, and then extracted with salt, produced nuclear halos, indicating stable nuclear matrices. When we treated sperm heads with freshly prepared ATAB+DTT and injected them into oocytes, none of the oocytes developed into live offspring. In contrast, sperm heads treated in the same way but with 1-wk-old ATAB+DTT solution could support development of about 30% of the oocytes to live offspring. Electron microscopy demonstrated that most of the perinuclear theca had been removed in both cases. These data suggest that at least in the mouse, the only component of the spermatozoa that is crucial for participation in embryologic development is the sperm nucleus with a stable nuclear matrix.
2 Correspondence: W. Steven Ward, Division of Urology, MEB-588, RWJMS, 1 RWJ Pl, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. FAX: 732 235 6042; sward{at}umdnj.edu
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