| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male Reproductive Tract |
a Departments of Urology
b Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Science System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
epididymis, male reproductive tract, vas deferens
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
In mammals, 39 hox genes are distributed along four clusters designated Hox A, B, C, and D. Based on sequence similarity of the hox genes within the separate clusters, hox genes have been aligned from 3' to 5' into 13 paralogous groups (e.g., hoxa-9, hoxb-9, hoxc-9, and hoxd-9 are paralogous genes). The position of a hox gene within a cluster correlates with the expression of that gene along an embryo's A/P axis [2] and with the time that the gene is activated [3]. Mice with targeted disruptions of specific hox genes develop homeotic transformations due to the misspecification of body segments along the A/P axis of the skeleton and a variety of organ systems [4].
All hox genes share a DNA sequence, the homeobox, which encodes a 60 amino acid DNA-binding motif, referred to as the homeodomain. Proteins that contain such a domain are transcription factors because they control the transcription rate of their target genes [5]. Although the homeodomain is highly conserved each hox protein binds to specific DNA sequences. This fact gave rise to the idea that DNA binding cofactors must exist to aid in hox-DNA binding specificity. Indeed, another homeodomain protein, Meis 1, that favors binding with hox proteins from paralogous group 9–13 has been identified [6]. The combination of hox protein plus its cofactor or cofactors is believed to provide target specificity, stabilize the binding to the DNA, and control whether a hox protein will act as a transcriptional activator or repressor [7].
As the embryo is segmented in development, the adult epididymis is segmented in structure [8] and in its pattern of gene and protein expression [9]. Organ structure and function are closely related; thus the segmented nature of the epididymis may be important for sperm maturation and storage. It is currently believed that the complex interplay between regional (caput, corpus, and cauda) differences in androgen levels [10], activity of steroid metabolizing enzymes [11], and presentation of lumicrine signaling molecules [12] is responsible for regulating gene expression and protein synthesis, but the mechanisms of intraregional, segment-specific regulation have not been addressed.
A strong line of evidence indicates an importance of hox genes in the male reproductive tract. Dollé et al. [13] reported the expression of 5' hox genes hoxd-10 and hoxd-13 in the male reproductive tract of mammalian embryos. Since then, several 5' hox genes have been detected in the embryonic epididymis and vas deferens [14]. Further, hoxa-10 and hoxa-11 knockout mice are sterile and the epididymis shows a homeotic transformation [15, 16]. In hoxa-10 knockout mice the cauda epididymidis appeared to have transformed into the corpus, and in the hoxa-11 knockout mice the vas deferens displayed a partial transformation into a cauda.
Although hox genes are not commonly studied after the natal period, their potential effectiveness beyond embryogenesis might play a pivotal role in the maintenance of segmental function in a variety of adult organs. For example, hoxb-8 expression has been detected in the adult mouse brain [17] where segmentation into hemispheres and lobes is important. Hox gene expression has also been detected in other adult tissues, such as the mammary gland [18], the uterus during implantation [19], and the prostate [20].
That hox genes determine segmental patterning during development, that the epididymis is maintained as a segmented structure in adulthood, and that hox gene expression has been shown in adult tissues, have led us to the hypothesis that hox genes play a role in the maintenance of segmental function of the adult epididymis. Our study was designed to 1) determine whether a number of 5' hox genes are expressed in the adult epididymis, 2) examine the regional expression pattern of a selected hox gene and its protein, and 3) investigate the presence and regionalization of the DNA-binding cofactor, Meis 1, at the mRNA and protein level.
|
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Adult male (56–60 days) C57BL/6 mice were obtained from the University of Virginia vivarium and maintained on a 12L:12D light cycle with water and food ad libitum. Mice were killed and the epididymides and the vasa deferentia were removed. For RNA and protein isolation tissues were divided into initial segment, caput, corpus, and cauda of the epididymis and the vas deferens. These regions were pooled from three animals and the tissues were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. For immunohistochemical procedures, whole epididymides and vas deferentia were fixed in Bouin fixative or 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 6–8 h.
All experiments complied with the regulations set forth by the Animal Welfare Act (Public Law 91-579), the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 1996) published by the Department of Health and Human Services, and the policies and procedures of the University of Virginia Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Total RNA from each region of the epididymis and vas deferens was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All RNA samples were treated with DNase I (Invitrogen) to eliminate DNA contamination. Four micrograms of total RNA were reverse transcribed using Superscript II reverse transcriptase (RT) and random hexamers (Invitrogen) to obtain cDNA as described by the manufacturer. One microliter of RT product was used to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific to hoxa-9, hoxa-10, hoxa-11, hoxd-9, hoxd-10, hoxd-11, and Meis 1a/Meis 1b (Table 1). To amplify hoxa-11 and Meis 1a and Meis 1b using relative-quantitative RT-PCR, primers and competimers for 18S rRNA (489 base pairs [bp] or 324 bp; Ambion, Austin, TX) were added. Pilot experiments determined the ratio of competimers to primers for 18S rRNA to adjust the PCR products to the same linear range. Specific primer sets for all examined hox genes and Meis 1a/b were designed using Gene Runner (Hastings Software Inc., Hastings, NY) and were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies. The number of cycles used for amplification, the annealing temperature, product size, and GenBank accession number for each primer set are listed in Table 1. All reactions had an elongation temperature of 68°C and were carried out with Platinum Taq DNA polymerase High Fidelity (Invitrogen) in a thermal cycler (Biometra, Göttingen, Germany). Negative controls consisted of the omission of the Superscript II RT and the replacement of cDNA with water. Each RT-PCR experiment was repeated four times. All RT-PCR products were separated on 1% agarose gels. The identity of each amplified RT-PCR product was verified by sequence analysis after cloning into pCR BluntII-TOPO vector (hoxa-9, hoxa-10, hoxa-11, hoxd-9, and hoxd-10) and pCR 2.1-TOPO (Meis 1a and Meis 1b). Both vectors were purchased from Invitrogen.
|
Northern Blot Analysis
For the analysis of hoxa-11, total RNA was extracted from the different regions of the epididymis and vas deferens as described above. For each region, 20 µg of total RNA was electrophoresed on an agarose/formaldehyde gel at constant voltage. The RNA was then transferred to a Zeta-Probe membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) by capillary action and the membrane was baked for 2 h at 80°C. To prepare the probe, restriction enzyme digestion using EcoRI released hoxa-11 (262 bp) cDNA from its cloning vector. Labeling of the cDNA probes with [
32P]dATP (ICN Biomedicals, Aurora, CA) was carried out using the Prime-It II Random Labeling Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) according to the manufacturer's instruction. The membrane was hybridized overnight at 67.8°C in Modified Church and Gilbert buffer (0.5 M phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 7% SDS [w/v], and 10 mM EDTA). Following hybridization, the membrane was washed in 2% saline-sodium citrate (SSC; 1x SSC = 0.15 M sodium chloride and 0.015 M sodium citrate) and 0.1% SDS and exposed using a PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA). To determine equivalency of load and transfer for hoxa-11, membranes were double-labeled with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The experiments were performed three times.
Western Blot Analysis
For protein isolation, tissues were homogenized in liquid nitrogen. Upon evaporation of the liquid nitrogen, radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1.0% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS) including protease inhibitors (2 µg/ml aprotinin, 100 µM leupeptin, 10 µM E-64, and 1 mM PMSF) was added to the samples. Samples were allowed to sit on ice for 10 min before centrifugation (12 000 x g for 10 min at 4°C). The supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube. Protein samples (20 µg for hoxa-11, 40 µg for Meis 1) were diluted in Laemmli sample buffer [21], boiled for 5 min, and electrophoresed on 10% polyacrylamide gels. Separated proteins were electrotransferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). To ensure equal loading of protein samples, membranes were stained with Ponceau S (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Membranes were then blocked in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) with 5% milk and 0.1% Tween-20 for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibody against hoxa-11 (1:8000) or Meis 1 (1:1000) in TBS with 5% milk and 0.1% Tween-20. The hoxa-11 antibody was generated in rabbits against a region N-terminal to the homeodomain (acetyl-ASSDYPGDKNAEKGPQ-amide; QCB, Hopkinton, MA). This peptide sequence was used to search the National Center for Biotechnology Information database; no other proteins contained this specific sequence. A guinea pig antibody against Meis 1 was kindly provided by Dr. Corey Largman (Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA). This antibody has been tested and reported previously [2]. Membranes were washed in TBS/0.1% Tween-20 and incubated with 1:5000 diluted peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (for hoxa-11; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) or donkey anti-guinea pig (for Meis 1; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, PA) secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. Peroxidase activity was detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (SuperSignal West Pico; Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL). Control experiments consisted of 1) omission of the primary antibody and 2) preabsorption of the antibody with the specific hoxa-11 peptide or the whole Meis 1 protein. All experiments were repeated four times.
Immunohistochemistry
Epididymides including vasa deferentia that had been fixed in PFA or Bouin were paraffin embedded for subsequent immunohistochemical localization of hoxa-11 and Meis 1, respectively. Sections (4 µm) were deparaffined, progressively rehydrated, washed in water followed by PBS, and treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 30 min to destroy endogenous peroxidase activity. For antigen retrieval, sections were boiled for 20 min in unmasking solution (Vector Laboratories) and then blocked for 1 h in PBS containing 10% normal goat (for hoxa-11) or horse (for Meis1) serum (Vector Laboratories), 0.5% Fish skin gelatin (FSG; Sigma) and avidin blocking solution (4 drops/ml; Vector Laboratories). Primary antibodies were diluted in PBS containing 0.5% FSG and 5% normal serum (goat or horse). The polyclonal rabbit antibody hoxa-11 (QCB, see above) was diluted 1:6000 and the polyclonal guinea pig antibody Meis 1 was diluted 1:200, and both were incubated overnight at 4°C. Sections were then washed in PBS/0.5% FSG and incubated for 1 h in biotinylated goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-guinea pig secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories) diluted 1:200 in PBS, 0.5% FSG, and 5% normal serum. Sections were washed in PBS/0.5% FSG and the biotinylated secondary antibodies were visualized with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (Elite ABC Kit; Vector Laboratories) and diaminobenzidine (Sigma) as a chromogen. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated, and mounted in Vectamount permanent mounting medium (Vector Laboratories).
The specificity of the immunoreactions was verified by omission of the primary antibody or by preabsorption of the antibody with an excess of hoxa-11 peptide (QCB) or Meis 1 full-length protein. All experiments were repeated four times.
|
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Of the six hox genes examined by RT-PCR, five (hoxa-9, hoxa-10, hoxa-11, hoxd-9, and hoxd-10 were expressed in all regions of the epididymis and the vas deferens (Fig. 1, A and B). Sequence analysis demonstrated the authenticity of all RT-PCR products. Hoxd-11 expression was not detected even after additional manipulation of the primers and PCR conditions (Table 1). With the exception of hoxd-9, all the analyzed genes appeared to qualitatively exhibit an expression pattern that predominated more distally than proximally (Fig. 1, A and B). Because hoxa-11 knockout mice exhibit a homeotic transformation of the distal epididymis and vas deferens [4] we decided to focus further on that specific gene. Subsequently, we examined hoxa-11 gene expression in more detail with relative-quantitative RT-PCR and Northern analysis.
|
Relative-quantitative RT-PCR (Fig. 1B) substantiated the preliminary findings that were indicated by standard RT-PCR, which is not shown because of redundancy. Relatively low expression of hoxa-11 was detected in the initial segment followed by no to low expression in the caput and corpus, and relatively high expression in the cauda and vas deferens (Fig. 1B). In the representative analysis illustrated in Figure 1B, hoxa-11 expression in the cauda and vas deferens was approximately 9-fold and 13-fold higher than in the initial segment. Quadruplicate experiments consistently revealed a similar pattern. RT-PCR products were never observed in the no-RT and water control lanes of any gel (Fig. 1B). The QuantumRNA 18S Internal Standards (Ambion) showed a 489-bp product and confirmed equal loading.
To confirm these results and to determine the presence of any additional transcripts, Northern blot analysis was performed using a 262-bp hoxa-11 cDNA probe. A single band of approximately 2.5 kilobases was detected exclusively in the cauda epididymis and vas deferens (Fig. 1C). This was the expected size of the transcript based on previous reports [4]. Blots were also probed with GAPDH, which was used as a load control (Fig. 1C). Expression was not detected in the initial segment, but in the example used in Figure 1C hoxa-11 expression in the vas deferens was 25-fold greater than in the cauda. This pattern was repeated in triplicate experiments.
Expression of the DNA Binding Cofactor Meis 1 in Adult Mouse Epididymis and Vas Deferens
Meis 1 gene expression was detected in all regions examined using relative-quantitative RT-PCR (Fig. 2). Two transcripts, Meis 1a (658 bp) and Meis 1b (528 bp) were identified in all regions of the epididymis and in the vas deferens. All control reactions were negative (Fig. 2). The QuantumRNA 18S Internal Standards (Ambion) showed a 324-bp product and confirmed equal loading. As with hoxa-11, Meis 1 expression in the cauda and vas deferens exceeded that in more proximal segments. In the example illustrated in Figure 2, total Meis 1 expression in the cauda and vas deferens was 1.9-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, of that in the initial segment. Similar results occurred in five separate experiments.
|
Presence of hoxa-11 Protein in Adult Mouse Epididymis and Vas Deferens
The affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit anti-hoxa-11 antibody was used for Western blot analysis. One specific band of approximately 37–39 kDa was detected in all regions of the adult mouse epididymis including the vas deferens (Fig. 3A). Preabsorption with the immunizing peptide as well as the secondary antibody alone did not detect any bands (Fig. 3A).
|
Immunolocalization of hoxa-11 detected its presence in the epithelium and interstitium of the entire adult mouse epididymis and vas deferens (Fig. 3, B–D). In epithelial cells, staining was observed most intensely in the nuclei, but staining in the cytoplasm was also apparent (Fig. 3, B–D). Nuclear localization was also evident in the cells of the epididymal interstitium (Fig. 3, B–D). Moderate levels of staining were observed in the initial segment and proximal caput (Fig. 3B) but became progressively stronger toward the cauda epididymidis in both interstitium and epithelium, where nuclei appeared almost black (Fig. 3C). Staining returned to moderate levels in the vas deferens (Fig. 3D). Sections incubated with the antibody that had been preabsorbed with the hoxa-11 peptide showed nuclear staining to have been eliminated and only a very light staining was exhibited exclusively in the cytoplasm (data not shown). The tissue was devoid of any staining when incubated with secondary antibody only (Fig. 3E).
Presence of Meis 1 Protein in Adult Mouse Epididymis and Vas Deferens
The guinea pig Meis 1 antibody recognized one band of approximately 53–55 kDa (Fig. 4A) in all regions of the epididymis and the vas deferens (Fig. 4A), but with very faint to no detection in the cauda region. The size of this band is consistent with the reported Meis 1b form [2]. This band was abolished when the antibody was preincubated with the full-length protein and when the secondary antibody was used alone (Fig. 4A).
|
Immunohistochemistry detected Meis 1 in the nuclei of the cells of the epididymal interstitium (Fig. 4, B–D). The epithelium was devoid of any staining. This staining pattern could be observed throughout the entire epididymis (Fig. 4, B and C) as well as in the vas deferens (Fig. 4D). The intensity of this staining did not appear to change along the organ. Staining was not detected on sections that had been incubated with the secondary antibody only (Fig. 4E). Similarly, when the antibody was preabsorbed with the full-length Meis 1 protein, staining did not occur (data not shown).
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
We examined the expression of hoxa-9, hoxa-10, and hoxa-11 as well as their paralogues from the D cluster, hoxd-9, hoxd-10, and hoxd-11 in adult mouse epididymis and vas deferens. Expression for all but hoxd-11 was detected. It was interesting that RT-PCR showed a regionalized expression pattern for all chosen genes, except for hoxd-9. Generally, higher mRNA levels were detected in the distal part of the epididymis and in the vas deferens compared with the proximal region (Fig. 1, A and B). These data gave a first indication that 5' hox genes are expressed in adult epididymis and might play a role as in other adult tissues as well [18–20]. The use of various primer sets and different PCR conditions did not detect hoxd-11 expression. Whether this result was due to the experimental conditions or to the absence of hoxd-11 expression remains uncertain.
Based on the above results plus the known epididymal transformation in hoxa-11 knockout mice [16] and homeobox swap experiments in which it was shown that other hox genes cannot substitute for hoxa-11 [23] we decided to focus attention on that gene and gene product. Relative-quantitative RT-PCR showed an expression pattern with low mRNA levels in the initial segment, low to none in the caput and corpus, and highest mRNA amounts in the cauda and the vas deferens (Fig. 1B). Northern blot analysis confirmed the expression of hoxa-11 in the cauda and vas deferens (Fig. 1C). Expression was not detected in the initial segment, probably due to the lower sensitivity of this method. Previously, the existence of three transcripts for hoxa-11 had been reported [16] using mRNA of a whole mouse embryo. However, using mRNA purified from developing limbs detects only one band (2.5 kb) [16]. Similarly, we detected one transcript of approximately 2.5 kb, which indicates the possibility that hoxa-11 expression is regulated differentially in the different tissues.
To determine the presence of hoxa-11 protein, an antibody was raised against a region N-terminal to the hoxa-11 homeodomain to ensure specificity of the immunogen. The hoxa-11 cDNA encodes a 313 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 34.5 kDa. The use of another hoxa-11 antibody had previously demonstrated the presence of a doublet (
35–39 kDa). The presence of the doublet was speculated to be the result of posttranslational modification [24]. In contrast, our affinity-purified antibody recognized a single band of approximately 35–37 kDa in Western blots containing epididymal lysates isolated from all regions of the adult epididymis as well as the vas deferens (Fig. 3A). These data indicated that hoxa-11 is both transcribed and translated in the epididymis and lends credence to the possibility that the transcription factor has functional relevance.
Hoxa-11 protein was detected in the caput and corpus epididymidis, where we did not observe mRNA expression. Several possibilities may explain this phenomenon. First, the antibody might bind to sequences or conformations of other proteins nonspecifically; however, we were able to block antibody binding by preabsorption of the antibody with the hoxa-11 peptide (see Materials and Methods) in Western blot analysis using one-dimensional (Fig. 3A) and two-dimensional gel (data not shown) electrophoresis, and the antibody detected a single band at the correct molecular weight. This strongly indicated that the binding of our antibody was specific for hoxa-11. Second, a paracrine mechanism has been demonstrated for homeodomain proteins in vitro [25]. In a similar fashion, hoxa-11 might be synthesized and secreted in the initial segment, where hoxa-11 mRNA was found, and internalized in the corpus or cauda. These possibilities will need to be addressed in future experiments.
Immunohistochemical localization of hoxa-11 with this same antibody resulted in prominent staining in nuclei of epididymal epithelial and interstitial cells. This is expected because hoxa-11 is a transcription factor. This staining pattern was found throughout the entire epididymis and in the vas deferens, which is in accordance with the detected protein presence in the Western blot analysis. We also observed cytoplasmic staining in epithelial cells. In preabsorption controls, the nuclear staining was completely abolished, indicating that the antibody recognized hoxa-11 protein there. A weak signal was still detected in the cytoplasm, indicating some nonspecific binding of the antibody.
As described earlier, hox proteins require cooperation with other proteins to bind to their target DNA. Meis 1 in particular aids 5' hox proteins, such as hoxa-11, to gain this specificity [6]. Using relative-quantitative RT-PCR we detected the transcripts of both Meis 1a and Meis 1b (Fig. 2). This points to the possibility that Meis 1 is an active cofactor of hoxa-11 in the adult epididymis. To determine the protein presence we used a polyclonal guinea pig antibody that recognizes both proteins, Meis 1a and Meis 1b [26]. Western blot analysis showed a single band of approximately 53–55 kDa (Fig. 4A), which is consistent with the reported Meis 1b form [27]. Meis 1b protein presence was noticed in all regions of the epididymis, and this is interesting in the light that hoxa-11 forms very strong DNA binding complexes specifically with Meis 1b [6].
Using the same antibody, Meis 1 was localized in the nuclei exclusively of interstitial cells. Because both hoxa-11 and Meis 1b were both found in interstitial cells these homeodomain proteins possibly interact in this compartment, whereas hoxa-11 in the epithelium might be either inactive or require another DNA binding cofactor. This possibility remains to be determined.
We speculate that hoxa-11 and Meis 1 interact and bind to target DNA and that this target DNA encodes for factors that influence the epididymal epithelium. The possibility of an interstitial-epithelial cross talk is virtually unexamined in the epididymis. Also, little attention has been paid to downstream candidates of hox proteins. Among the few identified, cell adhesion molecules appear to be one target group, in particular NCAM [28]. We have detected NCAM gene and protein expression in adult mouse epididymis, interestingly with higher mRNA levels in the distal region. Future studies will determine whether NCAM or other cell adhesion molecules are downstream targets in the adult epididymis.
In conclusion, a hox transcription factor, hoxa-11, and its potential DNA binding cofactor, Meis 1, have been identified in adult mouse epididymis. Both were found at the mRNA and protein levels. The interaction of both proteins and their function in epididymis will be determined in our future studies.
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|---|
|
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
2 Correspondence: Daniela Bomgardner, Department of Urology, Box 800422 (300 Lane Road), University of Virginia Health Science System, Charlottesville, VA 22908. FAX: 434 924 8311; db8j{at}virginia.edu
Received: 12 July 2002.
First decision: 7 August 2002.
Accepted: 3 September 2002.
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  E. Prabagaran, A.H. Bandivdekar, V. Dighe, and V.P. Raghavan HOXBES2: A Novel Epididymal HOXB2 Homeoprotein and Its Domain-Specific Association with Spermatozoa Biol Reprod, February 1, 2007; 76(2): 314 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Martinez, A. D. Smith, B. Li, M. Q. Zhang, and K. S. Harrod Computational prediction of novel components of lung transcriptional networks Bioinformatics, January 1, 2007; 23(1): 21 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P.-s. Luke, G. Sui, H. Liu, and Y. Shi Yin Yang 1 Physically Interacts with Hoxa11 and Represses Hoxa11-dependent Transcription J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2006; 281(44): 33226 - 33232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Johnston, S. A. Jelinsky, H. J. Bang, P. DiCandeloro, E. Wilson, G. S. Kopf, and T. T. Turner The Mouse Epididymal Transcriptome: Transcriptional Profiling of Segmental Gene Expression in the Epididymis Biol Reprod, September 1, 2005; 73(3): 404 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. T. Turner, D. Bomgardner, and J. P. Jacobs Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Genes Are Expressed and Transcribed in the Adult Mouse Epididymis J Androl, July 1, 2004; 25(4): 514 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
