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BOR - Papers in Press, published online ahead of print July 14, 2004.
Biol Reprod 2004, 10.1095/biolreprod.104.032151
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BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 71, 1688–1693 (2004)
DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.032151
© 2004 by the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Inc.

Ovary

Possible Role of Interleukin-1 in the Regulation of Bovine Corpus Luteum Throughout the Luteal Phase1

Ryo Nishimura3, Anom Bowolaksono3, Tomas J. Acosta4, Shuko Murakami3, Katarzyna Piotrowska5, Dariusz J. Skarzynski5, and Kiyoshi Okuda2,3

Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology,3 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture,4 Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan Department of Reproductive Immunology,5 Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the principal cytokines that participate in local regulation of many reproductive functions. The present study was undertaken to determine whether mRNAs for IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1R) are expressed in bovine corpora lutea (CL), and whether luteal cells respond to treatment with IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß during the luteal phase. Bovine CL were classified into five stages (early, Days 2–3; developing, Days 5–6; mid, Days 8–12; late, Days 15–17; and regressed, Days 19–21). IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R mRNAs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all luteal stages examined. Densitometric analysis of PCR products revealed increases of the mRNA of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1R in the CL of the regressed stage (P < 0.05). There was less mRNA for IL-1ß in the regressed stage than in the developing and mid stages (P < 0.05). When developing, mid, and late luteal cells were treated with IL-1{alpha} (1–30 ng/ml) or IL-1ß (1–30 ng/ml) for 24 h, IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß dose-dependently increased prostaglandin (PG) F2{alpha} and PGE2 production by the luteal cells of all stages (P < 0.05), indicating the presence of functional IL-1R in bovine CL. However, progesterone synthesis was not affected by either IL-1{alpha} or IL-1ß treatment. Stimulation with IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß decreased the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio in the developing stage (P < 0.05), whereas it increased the ratio in the mid stage (P < 0.05). In the late stage, the ratio of IL-1ß-treated cells was greater than that of IL-1{alpha}-treated cells (P < 0.05). Overall results indicate that genes for IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß are expressed and a functional IL-1R is present in the bovine CL throughout the luteal phase, and suggest that IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß have different roles as local modulators to regulate PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 production during the luteal phase.

corpus luteum, corpus luteum function, cytokines, ovary, progesterone


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is mainly produced by activated macrophages, and its primary role is to stimulate proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes [1, 2]. Two biochemically distinct but structurally related IL-1 molecules have been cloned. The two forms, called IL-1{alpha} [3] and IL-1ß [4], possess the same spectrum of biological properties [1, 2]. The mRNA coding for IL-1ß predominates over the mRNA coding for IL-1{alpha}, and this prevalence of IL-1ß has also been observed in the general circulation and other corporal fluids [1]. It has been demonstrated that both IL-1 forms ({alpha} and ß) bind to IL-1 receptor (IL-1R): the cellular action of both forms is mediated by the same type of receptor [1, 2]. Corpora lutea (CL) consist of not only luteal cells but also several cell types known to produce IL-1, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages [5– 10]. In addition, because the presence of IL-1 in the bovine CL [11] and its multihormonal effects have been demonstrated in the CL of many species, including bovine females [1, 2, 12], it can also be assumed that IL-1 modulates luteal function as a local regulator during the luteal phase.

Bovine luteal cells synthesize considerable amounts of prostaglandins (PGs) [13–15], which seem to have a modulatory role in the local regulation of progesterone (P4) synthesis [16–18]. It has been shown that luteal PG production is greatest during the early luteal stage (a few days after ovulation) in cattle [13], and that inhibition of PG synthesis during this period results in a reduced luteal life span [19]. IL-1ß also stimulates PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 production in cultured bovine luteal cells [20]. These results imply that IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß function as luteotropic factors by stimulating luteal PG production in the bovine CL. In addition, IL-1 has been reported to inhibit basal and gonadotropin-stimulated P4 from luteal cells of pigs [21] and cattle [12]. These findings suggest that IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß act not only as luteotropic, but also as luteolytic mediators in cattle. However, the details of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß action in the bovine CL throughout the luteal phase have not been well established.

The present study characterized mRNA of IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R during the luteal phase of cattle. To determine possible roles of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß in the CL of cattle during the luteal phase, the effects of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß on the synthesis of P4, PGF2{alpha}, and PGE2 were also studied by cultured bovine luteal cells obtained from CL in developing, mid, and late stages.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Collection of Corpora Lutea

Ovaries with CL from Holstein cows were collected at a local abattoir within 10–20 min after exsanguination. Luteal stages were classified as being early, developing, mid, late, or regressed by macroscopic observation of the ovary and uterus as described previously [22]. After determination of the stages, CL (n = 4/stage) were immediately separated from the ovaries, frozen rapidly in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –80°C until processed for RNA isolation. For experiments involving cell culture, the ovaries with CL were submerged in ice-cold physiological saline and transported to the laboratory.

Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction

Total RNA was prepared from CL using TRIZOL Reagent (15596-026; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's directions. Total RNA (1 µg) was reverse transcribed using a ThermoScript reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) System (11146-016; Invitrogen), and one-tenth of the reaction mixture was used in each PCR using specific primers for bovine IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, IL-1R, and G3PDH. The RT-PCRs were conducted with the housekeeping gene G3PDH as an internal standard. The sequence of IL-1{alpha} primers were 5'-CTCTCTCAATCAGAAGTCCTTCTATG-3' (5' primer, 26 mer) and 5'-CATGTCAAATTTCACTGCCTCCTCC-3' (3' primer, 25 mer). These primers generated a specific 424-base pair (bp) product. The sequence of IL-1ß primers were 5'-AAACAGATGAAGAGCTGCATCCAA-3' (5' primer, 24 mer) and 5'-CAAAGCTCATGCAGAACACCACTT-3' (3' primer, 24 mer). These primers generated a specific 394-bp product. The sequences of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß primers were based on a report by Ito and Kodama [23]. The sequence of IL-1R primers, which were based on a report by Beckman et al. [24], were 5'-CACTCTGCTGGACTCTAAGGAG-3' (5' primer, 22 mer) and 5'-CCTAAATCTGTCTATAGATGGTG-3' (3' primer, 23 mer). These primers generated a specific 400-bp product. The primers for G3PDH, which were designed and described by Friedman et al. [25] were 5'-TGTTCCAGTATGATTCCACCC-3' (5' primer, 21 mer) and 5'-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3' (3' primer, 20 mer). These primers generated a specific 850-bp product. The RT-PCR was conducted using a TaKaRa Taq (R001A; TAKARA Co., Tokyo, Japan) and a thermal cycler (iCycler Thermal Cycler 170-8720; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The conditions for the PCR were as follows: after activation of the DNA polymerase by incubating for 7 min at 94°C, 36 (IL-1{alpha}), 27 (IL-1ß), 30 (IL-1R), and 18 (G3PDH) cycles of reactions including denaturation for 1 min at 94°C, annealing for 1 min at 60°C, and extension for 2 min at 72°C were performed, followed by an additional extension for 5 min at 72°C. A portion (40%) of each reaction mixture was electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel with a known standard (100-bp ladder, N3231S; New England BioLabs Inc., Beverly, MA), stained with ethidium bromide, and photographed under UV illumination. The relative band intensities were analyzed by computerized densitometry using NIH image software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).

Cell Isolation

Luteal tissue was enzymatically dissociated and luteal cells were cultured as described previously [17]. The luteal cells were suspended in a culture medium, Dulbecco modified Eagle medium and Hams F-12 medium (1:1 [v/v], D8900; Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO) containing 5% calf serum (16170-078; Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY) and 20 µg/ml gentamicin (15750-060; Gibco BRL). Cell viability was greater than 85% as assessed by trypan blue exclusion. The cells in the cell suspension consisted of about 70% small luteal cells, 20% large luteal cells, 10% endothelial cells or fibrocytes, and no erythrocytes.

Cell Culture and Experiments

Four separate experiments were conducted. In each experiment, dispersed luteal cells obtained from two to three CL were seeded at 1.0 x 105 viable cells in 0.5 ml, in 48-well cluster dishes (3524; Costar, Cambridge, MA) and cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37.5°C. The luteal cells were treated with varying concentrations of IL-1{alpha} (1–30 ng/ml, HL-18; provided by Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan) and IL-1ß (1–30 ng/ml, PU-2000-13; PeproTech House Co., London, U.K.) for 24 h. LH was used as positive control (10 ng/ml, USDA-bLH-B6). All treatments were conducted in triplicate. The conditioned media from the last 24 h of culture were collected and stored at –30°C until assayed for P4, PGF2{alpha}, and PGE2.

Progesterone Determination

The concentrations of P4 were determined directly from the cell culture media with an enzyme immunoassay as described previously [15]. The standard curve ranged from 0.391 to 100 ng/ml, and the effective dose of the assay for 50% inhibition (ED50) was 4.5 ng/ml. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 9.3% and 14.5%, respectively.

PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 Determination

The concentrations of PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 were determined directly from the cell culture media with an enzyme immunoassay as described previously [15]. The PGF2{alpha} standard curve ranged from 15.6 to 4000 pg/ml, and the effective dose of the assay for 50% inhibition (ED50) was 330 pg/ ml. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation for PGF2{alpha} were 3.7% and 13.2%, respectively. The PGE2 standard curve ranged from 0.39 to 100 ng/ml, and the effective dose of the assay for 50% inhibition (ED50) was 6.5 ng/ml. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation for PGE2 were 4.1% and 14.3%, respectively.

Statistical Analysis

All experimental data are shown as the mean ± SEM. The statistical significance of differences in the amounts of IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R mRNA in the CL tissues; the concentrations of P4, PGF2{alpha}, and PGE2 in culture media; and the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratios were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Fisher protected least-significant difference (PLSD) procedure as a multiple comparison test. The PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratios were the absolute PGE2 concentration divided by the absolute PGF2{alpha} concentration in each experiment.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Messenger RNA for IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R

Specific transcripts for IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R were detected in bovine CL. Representative examples for the IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R RT-PCRs are depicted in Figure 1 (right panels). The relative signal intensities for PCR products specific for IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R were assessed after correction based on the G3PDH signal intensities. The results of the densitometric analysis of IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and IL-1R mRNA in the CL tissue during the luteal phase are depicted in Figure 1 (left panels). IL-1{alpha} mRNA was greater in the regressed stage than in the early, developing, and mid stages (Fig. 1A; P < 0.05). IL-1ß mRNA was less in the regressed stage than in the developing and mid stages (Fig. 1B; P < 0.05). IL-1R mRNA was greater in the regressed stage than in the other stages (Fig. 1C; P < 0.01).



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  		FIG. 1. Changes in relative amounts of (A) IL-1{alpha}, (B) IL-1ß, and (C) IL-1R mRNA throughout the luteal phase (left panels). Results represent the mean ± SEM from four CL/stage. All values are the mean ± SEM of the densitometric analysis of IL-1{alpha} mRNA in CL (relative to G3PDH mRNA levels). Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), as determined by ANOVA followed by a Fisher PLSD as a multiple comparison test. Representative samples of specific RT-PCR products for (a) IL-1{alpha} (424 bp), (b) IL-1ß (394 bp), (c) IL-1R (400 bp) and G3PDH (850 bp), separated by agarose gel electrophoresis (right panels). Lane 1, DNA ladder; lane 2, early; lane 3, developing; lane 4, mid; lane 5, late; lane 6, regressed

Effects of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß on P4, PGF2{alpha}, and PGE2 Secretion by Bovine Luteal Cells During the Luteal Phase

Bovine LH stimulated P4 secretion by cultured luteal cells of all luteal stages (Figs. 2a and 3a). As depicted in Figures 2a and 3a, neither IL-1{alpha} nor IL-1ß at concentrations of 1–30 ng/ml affected P4 synthesis in cells from all of the luteal stages. Both IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß significantly stimulated PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 secretion by the cells of the developing, mid, and late stages in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2, b and c; and Fig. 3, b and c; P < 0.05).



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  		FIG. 2. Effect of IL-1{alpha} on (a) progesterone, (b) PGF2{alpha}, and (c) PGE2 secretion by bovine luteal cells from the developing (Days 5–6), mid (Days 8–12), and late (Days 15–17) luteal stages. The cells were treated with IL-1{alpha} (1–30 ng/ml) in the final 24 h of culture. Values represent the mean ± SEM of four experiments. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), as determined by ANOVA followed by a Fisher PLSD as a multiple comparison test



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  		FIG. 3. Effect of IL-1ß on (a) progesterone, (b) PGF2{alpha}, and (c) PGE2 secretion by bovine luteal cells from the developing (Days 5–6), mid (Days 8–12), and late (Days 15–17) luteal stages. The cells were treated with IL-1ß (1–30 ng/ml) in the final 24 h of culture. Values represent the mean ± SEM of four experiments. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), as determined by ANOVA followed by a Fisher PLSD as a multiple comparison test

Effects of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß on the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} Ratio in Bovine Luteal Cells

In untreated bovine luteal cells, the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio was greater in the developing stage than in the other stages (Fig. 4; P < 0.05). In IL-1{alpha}- and IL-1ß-treated cells, the ratio increased during the mid stage and decreased during the late stage (P < 0.05). During the developing stage, the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio was less in IL-1{alpha}- and IL-1ß-treated luteal cells than the ratio of untreated cells (P < 0.01), although at the mid stage, the ratio was greater in IL-1{alpha}- and IL-1ß-treated luteal cells than in untreated cells (P < 0.05). At the late stage, the ratio of IL-1ß-treated cells was greater than that of IL-1{alpha}-treated cells (P < 0.05).



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  		FIG. 4. Effects of IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß on the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio on cultured bovine luteal cells obtained from the developing, mid, and late luteal stages. The cells were treated with IL-1{alpha} (30 ng/ml) or IL-1ß (30 ng/ml) in the final 24 h of culture (black circle, untreated; white square, IL-1{alpha}; white triangle, IL-1ß). The data in Figures 2 and 3 were used to calculate the ratio. All values are the absolute PGE2 concentration divided by the absolute PGF2{alpha} concentration and represent the mean ± SEM of four experiments. Asterisks indicate significant differences of the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio between treatments within each stage (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05). Different superscript letters indicate significant differences between the stages within the untreated, IL-1{alpha}-treated or IL-1ß-treated cells (P < 0.05), as determined by ANOVA followed by a Fisher PLSD as a multiple comparison test


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The present study demonstrated for the first time that IL-1R mRNA is present in the bovine CL throughout the luteal phase. In addition, both IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß stimulated PGF2{alpha} production as well as PGE2 by cultured bovine luteal cells, indicating that IL-1R in bovine CL is present throughout the luteal phase, and that the receptors are functional. Moreover, IL-1R mRNA was greater in the regressed stage than in the early, developing, and mid stages. Furthermore, IL-1{alpha} mRNA was also detected throughout the luteal phase, and its amount, as well as that of IL-1R mRNA, was greatest in the regressed stage. In the regressed stage, the number of macrophages, which appear to be the primary source of IL-1 in the bovine CL, have clearly been shown to increase in cows [26]. Furthermore, in the present study, stimulation with IL-1{alpha} resulted in the least ratio of PGE2:PGF2{alpha} in the late luteal stage. The overall findings suggest that IL-1{alpha}, possibly derived from macrophages, has a role in luteolysis.

Amounts of IL-1ß mRNA were, interestingly, greater at the developing and mid stages and significantly decreased during the regressed stage, whereas IL-1{alpha} and IL-1R mRNA significantly increased during the regressed stage. In mice, Simon et al. [10] have demonstrated that granulosa-luteal cells produced IL-1ß, and that the production of IL-1ß by the cells increased during the development of CL. Therefore, IL-1ß may have one or more roles in the developing CL. However, the number of macrophages has been demonstrated to be significantly less in the developing and mid stages than in the other luteal stages in cattle [26]. The source of IL-1ß in bovine CL in the developing and mid stages may be not only macrophages but also other CL cells (i.e., steroidogenic luteal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or a combination of these).

In the present study, IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß stimulated luteal PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 production throughout the luteal phase, especially at the developing stage of the CL. Because PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 enhanced P4 synthesis by bovine CL in vitro [16–18], it is possible that IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß have indirect roles in luteal maintenance by stimulating luteal PG production throughout the luteal phase. However, even though LH stimulated P4 production by cultured cells in the present study, no changes in P4 synthesis were observed by stimulation with IL-1. The absence of changes in P4 production in the response to IL-1 treatment for a 24-h period agrees with the report by Del Vecchio and Sutherland [27]. Another study, which evaluated the acute and chronic effects of IL-1ß, showed that P4 production by luteal cells treated with IL-1ß for a short period (6 h) was not affected, whereas luteal cells treated with IL-1ß for a long period (78 h) produced less P4 than the untreated control [28]. Based on the above results, it could be assumed that IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß do not alter P4 production in a short-term culture system up to 24 h in bovine luteal cell culture, but they do reduce P4 production in a longer-term culture system. This should be taken into consideration for future studies in IL-1 effects on P4 production using a cell culture system.

PGF2{alpha} functions not only as a luteolytic factor [21, 29– 31] but also as a luteotropic factor [16–18], whereas PGE2 functions mainly as a luteotropic factor [32, 33]. Therefore, the ratio of PGE2 and PGF2{alpha} secretion may be more interesting than the absolute amounts of each PG. In the developing stage, stimulation with IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß resulted in a decline in the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio, because IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß stimulated PGF2{alpha} secretion more than PGE2 secretion. Because PGF2{alpha} stimulated P4 production in the early CL, IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß have been suggested to have a role in luteal development by stimulating PGF2{alpha} production [16, 18]. In addition, IL-1ß has been reported to promote angiogenesis by stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor production in many cell types, including ovarian cells [34–37]. Thus, one could speculate that IL-1ß promotes luteal development by stimulating luteal angiogenesis. In the mid stage, because IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß increased the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio by stimulating PGE2 production more than PGF2{alpha} production, both IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß may have a role in luteal maintenance. It is interesting that late-stage treatment with IL-1ß enhanced the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio to a greater extent than IL-1{alpha} treatment. Furthermore, IL-1ß mRNA was greater in the developing and mid stage CL than in the regressed stage CL, whereas there was less IL-1{alpha} mRNA in the developing and mid stages. These findings lead us to hypothesize that luteal IL-1ß functions as a luteotropic factor, and that IL-1{alpha} has a luteolytic role.

How the PGE2:PGF2{alpha} ratio is regulated by IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß is presently unresolved. PGF2{alpha} is synthesized via three pathways: from PGE2 by PGE-9-ketoreductase (9K-PGR), from PGD2 by PGD 11-ketoreductase, or from PGH2 by PGH 9-,11-endoperoxide reductase (PGFS) [38, 39]. In the present study, the mRNA for 9K-PGR and PGFS in bovine CL was detected (data not shown). Therefore, IL-1 might regulate the activity of these PGF2{alpha} synthesizing enzymes. Further studies are needed to definitively elucidate how these biosynthetic pathways are regulated.

In conclusion, the results indicate the presence of mRNA for IL-1{alpha}, IL-1ß, and also the presence of the functional IL-1R in the bovine CL throughout the luteal phase, and suggest that IL-1{alpha} and IL-1ß differentially function as local modulators to regulate PGF2{alpha} and PGE2 production in bovine CL.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We are grateful to Dr. Seiji Ito of the Kansai Medical University for antisera of PGF2{alpha} and PGE2; to the Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. for IL-1{alpha}; and to Dr. Albert F. Parlow of the National Hormone and Pituitary Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) for bovine LH (USDA-bLH-B6).


   FOOTNOTES
 
1 This research was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 14360168 of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Back

2 Correspondence: FAX: 81 86 251 8388; kokuda{at}cc.okayama-u.ac.jp Back

Received: 14 May 2004.

First decision: 3 June 2004.

Accepted: 9 July 2004.


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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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