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Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements,3 UMR 6175 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université François Rabelais de Tours/Haras Nationaux, Nouzilly F-37380, France
Union Nationale des Coopératives d'Elevage et d'Insémination Animale,4 station UNCEIA/UCEAR, Chateauvillain F-38300, France
Union Nationale des Coopératives d'Elevage et d'Insémination Animale,5 Département R&D, Maisons-Alfort Cedex F-94703, France
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIAL AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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early development, gamete biology, gene regulation, oocyte development, ovary
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIAL AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Little is known regarding the conservation of these genes and their restricted expression pattern in cattle. We recently demonstrated preferential oocyte expression of the bovine orthologous MATER, ZAR1, GDF9, and BMP15 genes [9– 11]. In the mouse, several oocyte-restricted gene families have been discovered using an in silico subtraction approach: Egg libraries in public databases were subtracted with expressed sequence tag (EST) from somatic tissue libraries [12, 13]. This approach is not as productive in the bovine, because no oocyte library is available for selection (see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/ddd.cgi?ORG=Bt). Whole-ovary libraries lack many oocyte-specific ESTs, because the oocyte itself is hardly represented in the constitutive tissue. The use of fetal ovaries enriched in oocytes did not entirely circumvent this problem. For example, bovine MATER is not represented in any ovarian library in GenBank. In a recent study, a bovine oocyte cDNA library was generated and screened with probes generated from fetal ovary, spleen, and liver to identify oocyte-specific transcripts. Six genes were confirmed to be overexpressed (>1.8 fold) in fetal ovary relative to either of these somatic organs, including one presumed novel gene, two genes previously reported as being preferentially expressed in oocytes, as well as the ribosomal protein L7a, dynein light chain, double C2-like domain 
, calmodulin, and leucine-rich protein genes [14]. We have chosen an alternative strategy and generated a library enriched in oocyte-specific bovine ESTs using suppressive and subtractive hybridization (SSH). Differential macroarray hybridization confirmed preferential expression in the oocyte of a large majority of ESTs. A subset of transcripts were followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in a panel of somatic and gonadal tissues: Most were, indeed, predominantly expressed in the oocyte but also highly expressed in testis. Remarkably, none was reactivated at the time of maternal to embryo transition during preimplantation embryo development in vitro. Our results are discussed in relation with a recently described library generated from immature, postmortem-collected oocytes [15].
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MATERIAL AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIAL AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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All procedures were approved by the Agricultural and Scientific Research Government Committees in accordance with the guidelines for Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (approval A37801).
Prepubertal and adult cow ovaries were collected at the slaughterhouse, and COCs were aspirated from 3- to 6-mm antral follicles. After washes in saline solution, COCs were matured for 6 or 24 h in TCM 199 (Sigma, France) supplemented with 10 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor at 39°C in water-saturated air with 5% carbon dioxide. Immature oocytes, and oocytes matured for 5 or 24 h, were denuded by mechanical treatment. Other oocytes were collected in vivo by ovum pickup (OPU) from eight Montbeliard cows. Ovum pickup was performed at 12, 48, or 60 h after prostaglandin injection to collect immature, maturing, and in vivo-matured oocytes, respectively. Oocytes were denuded as described above. All samples were stored frozen at –80°C in RNAlater (Ambion, UK).
For embryo production, oocyte were collected from slaughterhouse bovine ovaries and matured as described above. In vitro fertilization was performed on groups of 50 intact, in vitro-matured COCs transferred into 500 µl of fertilization medium containing 5 x 105 motile spermatozoa. Twenty-four hours later, presumptive zygotes were denuded. Twenty of them were set aside, whereas groups of 25 zygotes were transferred into 25-µl droplets (under paraffin oil) of modified synthetic oviduct fluid [16] supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum. Embryos were cultured at 39°C in a water-saturated atmosphere with 5% CO2/5% O2/90% N2. Groups of 20 embryos were collected during preimplantation development period: 2-cell and 4-cell embryos (Day 1), 5- to 8-cell embryos (Day 2), morulae (Days 4–5), and expanded blastocysts (Days 6–7). All oocyte and embryo samples were stored frozen at –80°C in RNAlater (Ambion) until RNA extraction.
Various somatic tissues (brain, heart, pituitary, intestine, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and uterus) as well as male and female gonads were collected from adult cows or bulls, either at a slaughterhouse or in an experimental setting. Cumulus cells were isolated by mechanical treatment from COCs collected as described above, then washed with saline solution, centrifuged twice for 5 min at 1000 rounds per min, and conserved as a pellet. Organ biopsy samples and cumulus cells were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80°C.
RNA Extraction
For library construction, total RNA from each postmortem- and in vivo-collected oocyte groups was extracted using Tripure Isolation Reagent (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and then pooled to obtain two RNA samples from 113 postmortem-collected and 82 in vivo-collected oocytes. The same protocol was used to purify total RNA from groups of 20 oocytes or embryos for individual gene analysis. Total RNA was extracted from 0.3- to 0.5-g biopsy specimens of somatic and gonadal tissues using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, France) following the manufacturer's instructions. Aliquots of RNA were incubated with 10 U of RQ1 DNase (Promega, France) for 20 min at 37°C, followed by organic extraction, precipitation, and resuspension into water. The RNA concentration was deduced from optical density, and RNA integrity was checked by electrophoresis on denaturing gel. The GDF9 cDNA primers had been designed based on human GDF9 sequence and were used in a previous study [9].
Construction of Subtractive cDNA Library
The cDNA was synthesized and amplified using Super SMART PCR cDNA Synthesis kit (Ozyme, France) following the manufacturer's instructions with slight modifications. Briefly, total RNA from postmortem- and in vivo-collected oocytes and 1 µg of total RNA from somatic tissues (300 ng of lung, intestine, and muscle RNA and 100 ng of cumulus cell RNA) was reverse-transcribed with a modified oligo(dT) primer. The cDNA was amplified by PCR reactions, followed by digestion with restriction enzyme RsaI. After precipitation and resuspension in water, digested cDNA was quantified by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Equal amount of cDNA amplified from postmortem- and in vivo-collected oocytes were pooled and diluted to a final concentration of 300 ng/µl. In the next step, oocyte cDNA was subtracted with an excess of cDNA from somatic tissues using PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction Kit (Ozyme) following manufacturer's instructions. After ligation of the adaptator to oocyte cDNA and hybridization steps, primary and nested PCRs were run for 24 and 10 thermal cycles, respectively. Subtraction efficiency was checked by PCR amplification of ß-actin (ACTB) and GDF9 using the primers described in Table 1.
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Differential Screening of the Subtracted Library
Macroarray preparation The subtracted library was subcloned using the TA cloning kit dual promoter (Invitrogen). In all, 768 clones were randomly picked, and the inserts were amplified by two sets of PCR using primers M13RP1 and M13P2 (5'-GAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA and 5'-TCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGA). After precipitation and resuspension, PCR products were arrayed in duplicate onto Hybond N+ membrane (Amersham Biosciences, France) at the Centre de Ressources Biologiques-GADIE (Jouy en Josas, France). Hybridization controls (pools of clones representing 145 ubiquitously expressed genes) were spotted. The membrane was incubated for 10 min in 0.5 M NaOH/1.5 M NaCl and then for 10 min in 1 M Tris/1 M NaCl, then washed four times in water and baked for 2 h at 80°C.
Differential hybridization
We generated complex probes from oocyte and somatic tissues (intestine, lung, muscle, and cumulus cells). Briefly, total RNA from groups of 50 immature and in vitro-matured denuded oocytes and 500 ng of pooled somatic tissues RNA were reverse-transcribed and amplified using Super SMART PCR cDNA Synthesis Kit (Ozyme) following manufacturer's instructions. Equal amounts of immature and mature oocyte cDNA were pooled. Next, 250 ng of oocyte and somatic tissue cDNA were radiolabeled with [32P]dATP (Amersham) by random priming using Klenow fragment (Eurogentec, France). Macroarrays were hybridized with the probe in ExpressHyb Hybridization Solution (Ozyme) overnight at 68°C. Membranes were washed and then exposed to a PhosphorImager screen (Amersham Biosciences, Orsay, France). The image was revealed using the Storm imaging system (Amersham Biosciences), and data were quantified using Imagene 4.0 software (Proteigene, Saint Marcel, France) and normalized to hybridization controls. Duplicates were averaged.
DNA sequencing and analysis Inserts were sequenced (Macrogen, South Korea). Alignments were performed using Blastn (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) against bovine EST and mammalian formerly nonredundant nucleotide sequences database (May 2005).
RT-PCR and Southern Hybridization
Reverse transcription was performed on total RNA amounts equivalent to five oocytes/embryos and 1 µg of total RNA from somatic and gonadal tissue biopsy samples. Amounts of cDNA corresponding to 0.05 oocyte (i.e., estimated as 0.1 ng) or embryo and to 50 ng of tissue were amplified by 36 or 38 thermal cycles using the primers described in Table 1. For tissue analysis, the products were then transferred onto Hybond N+ membrane (Amersham Biosciences) and hybridized with the corresponding cDNA fragment labeled with [32P]dCTP (Amersham) (see [9] for details).
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIAL AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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We generated a library of bovine ESTs preferentially represented in the oocyte using the SSH technique. The cDNA generated from denuded oocytes was subtracted with cDNA generated from selected somatic tissues. Oocytes representing various physiological situations were collected: oocytes from calf (postmortem) and adult cow (postmortem and in vivo) before, during, and after maturation. Intestine, lung, and muscle were chosen as somatic tissue samples as well as cumulus cells to compensate for potential contamination of oocyte samples by remaining cumulus cells. To check the subtraction efficiency, we amplified GDF9 and ACTB by PCR as examples of oocyte-specific and housekeeping genes, respectively. In the subtracted library, 30 PCR cycles were necessary to detect GDF9, compared to 35 cycles in the nonsubtracted library. By contrast, ACTB was detected after 30 PCR cycles in the subtracted library, compared to 20 cycles without subtraction (Fig. 1). So, we observed the expected enrichment in GDF9 cDNA and reduction of ACTB cDNA in the oocyte-subtracted library.
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To further characterize the library, we randomly picked 192 clones (1A1 to 2H12) and then sequenced the inserts. Next, 185 good-quality sequences were aligned to those in the GenBank database using Blastn. We first searched Bos taurus ESTs, and then the search was extended to the genomic mammalian database. All 185 clones contained an insert. They represented 146 nonredundant sequences, with a maximum of four replicates, which entered one of the following three categories (Fig. 2, as of 1 May 2005). No significant match was returned for 22 clones (15%; novel). Thirty nonredundant clones (21%) presented homology only with unannotated EST or genomic sequences (uncharacterized). Finally, 94 sequences (64%) corresponded to genes identified in bovine or displayed significant sequence homology with named human or murine genes (expect value < 1e–10). Their corresponding expression profiles in the mouse and human are described in UniGene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=unigene). Sixteen genes were indicated to have an egg- or embryo-restricted expression (i.e., these tissues contribute more than half the EST), as detailed in Table 2.
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Macroarray Differential Screening
Two sets of macroarrays (see Material and Methods) were hybridized with complex probes generated from either oocyte or pooled somatic tissues (intestine, lung, muscle, and cumulus cells). The resulting artificially colored image is shown in Figure 3. Intensity was normalized to hybridization controls in yellow (except for those in the corners of the membrane, attributable to uneven hybridization). Red and green spots correspond to EST overrepresented in oocytes and somatic tissues, respectively. Then, the ratio of hybridization signals in oocyte versus somatic tissues was calculated. Only six clones displayed a ratio below 1 and were false-positive clones. For 640 clones (i.e., 83%), this ratio was at least fourfold greater, and the corresponding ESTs were considered to be overrepresented in the oocyte relative to intestine, lung, muscle, and cumulus cells. Seventy spots had a ratio greater than 9 and were selected for sequencing. These spots corresponded to 40 independent clusters, of which 24 were identified, 15 were uncharacterized, and one was novel. Nine genes were labeled with an egg- or embryo-restricted expression in mouse/human (Table 2).
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Expression in Bovine Tissues
Among those 40 most-oocyte-enriched ESTs, eight were further analyzed. Three identified ESTs, 2G12 (BTG4), 8C3 (CUL1), and 4B3 (MCF2), were chosen based on their description in UniGene as egg or embryo restricted. The other five ESTs were novel bovine sequences at the start of the study but recently have been found in distinct bovine oocyte or 2-cell embryo EST libraries [15] (library Unilib 15406) (Table 3). The 8B9 represents a transcribed locus similar to snail soma ferritin, which has been annotated lately. We analyzed their expression profile within a larger panel of tissues (brain, heart, pituitary, intestine, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, uterus, testis, and ovary) using RT-PCR, a more sensitive and more specific technique compared to array hybridization. An estimated 500-fold excess of substrate cDNA for all tissues over the oocyte was used, except for ACTB (50-fold excess). The PCR-generated fragments were visualized on agarose gel under UV illumination (Fig. 4A). To check the specificity of PCR fragments and to increase sensitivity, PCR products were transferred for Southern hybridization and revealed by autoradiography (Fig. 4B). In parallel, reactions were run onto RNA samples subjected to mock RT to check that signal was not the result of contaminating DNA (not shown). As expected, ACTB cDNA was amplified from all samples. All other genes generated an intense band in the oocyte and were detected in the ovary. BTG4, CUL1, 5B4, 6D3 and 8D7 were preferentially expressed in gonads and at a low level in a subset of somatic tissues: BTG4 in brain, pituitary, lung, and uterus; CUL1 in brain and muscle; 5B4 in intestine; 6D3 in brain, heart, pituitary, liver, and spleen; and 8D7 in brain, pituitary, lung, and uterus. 8B9 was expressed strongly in oocyte and liver, was expressed at a lower level in ovary and brain, and was barely detectable in testis. MCF2 was highly detected in gonads, brain, spleen, and uterus and at trace levels in intestine and muscle, and 7F3 was ubiquitously expressed in our panel of tissues.
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Expression in Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos
Expression profiles of BTG4, CUL1, and MCF2 and of the ESTs 5B4, 6D3, 8D7, 8B9, and 7F3 were analyzed in oocyte and preimplantation embryos by RT-PCR. All were strongly detected in immature oocytes, in in vitro-matured oocytes, and in zygotes. MCF2 transcript decreased as early as the 2-cell stage. BTG4 still produced an intense band in morulae and could be detected in blastocysts. Other transcripts were readily observed until the 5- to 8-cell stage and were still present at trace levels in morulae. By contrast, our ACTB control was detected in all samples, and its expression increased from the 8-cell stage onward. A similar profile was observed for the polymerase (DNA-directed) ß transcript (not shown).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIAL AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Discovering novel transcripts was one of our objectives, because studies on model species like mouse and rabbit have shown that oocytes and early embryos do contain specific transcripts. In fact, 36% of the 146 nonredundant ESTs did not match with an annotated sequence, 21% were homologous to unannotated genomic DNA, and 15% did not return a significant match in GenBank. Indeed, this fairly high proportion of novel transcripts somehow exceeded our expectations. It appears unlikely that these ESTs can all represent novel mammalian genes. More probably, some of these ESTs indeed correspond to nonconserved regions of known human or mouse transcripts. Such divergence is often observed in the 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions. In fact, approximately 20% of all inserts included a terminal polyA. Yet, we may, indeed, also expect to identify novel genes from this set of uncharacterized/novel ESTs. They could be genes for which mouse orthologues have so far remained hidden in the mouse genome, neither elucidated despite intensive efforts toward genome mining nor detected experimentally. Alternatively, they could be genes that have diverged significantly between the mouse, cow, and human. Further experiments are planned to characterize and, potentially, identify these genes.
Whereas SSH often is plagued with a high proportion of false-positive clones, our controls by differential hybridization and/or RT-PCR confirmed preferential oocyte expression of a vast majority of the corresponding genes. The low rate of false positives, actually overexpressed in somatic tissues, may be attributable to the choice of a contrasted model for the subtraction (i.e., oocytes vs. a pool of somatic tissues) rather than comparing two physiological populations of a given cellular model. Testis was purposely not represented among the subtractive tissues so that ESTs specific to germ cells of both sexes would not be excluded from our library. This subset of genes would thus be germ cell specific rather than oocyte specific. That germ cell-specific gene products are involved in processes common to both oogenesis and spermatogenesis, such as meiosis, whereas oocyte-specific gene products have a specific function in oogenesis (i.e., ZP genes) or play a role in sustaining early embryo development appears to be an attractive hypothesis. Some experimental data indeed support this hypothesis. Here, we find that BTG4 and MCF2 are strongly expressed in bovine oocyte/ovary and testis. We have not investigated the site of expression of these genes within the testis, but it is tempting to speculate that the transcripts are preferentially found in germ cells. Based on the gene ontology vocabulary, both genes are involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle and cell-cycle arrest, two functions that conceivably are conserved in male and female germ cells. By contrast, we have shown previously that the bovine orthologous gene of Mater, a maternal effect gene in the mouse, was hardly, if at all, expressed in testis in cattle [9]. MATER transcripts also were undetectable in human testis [19], and no ESTs are represented in mouse testis libraries. The situation is not as clear for Zar1, another maternal effect gene. The transcript was not detected in mouse testis, whereas it was expressed in human testis [7]. Contradictory data have been published in the bovine [9, 11]. It cannot be excluded that genes supporting early embryonic development also may have a distinct role in male germ cells.
Our library was further validated when we identified bovine orthologous genes of murine or human genes referred to in UniGene as oocyte or embryo restricted. Among them, three cell-cycle regulators (BTG4, CUL1, and MCF2) were further analyzed by RT-PCR. Eight clones generating the most intense hybridization signals represented BTG4, suggesting an abundant transcript in the oocyte, which has been confirmed elsewhere [15]. The corresponding clustered sequence encode a partial open reading frame of 254 amino acids, which present 71% identity with the human complete coding sequence of 223 amino acids (data not shown). BTG4 belongs to the PC3/BTG/TOB family of cell-cycle inhibitors. In the mouse, its expression was restricted to olfactory epithelium, testis, and oocyte [20]. In the present study, we show that BTG4 also is highly expressed in bovine testis and ovary/oocyte, which suggests a role for BTG4 in meiosis, as mentioned earlier. The bovine transcript also is detected in uterus and lung and at trace levels in pituitary and brain. Another gene of interest isolated in our library was CUL1, member of ubiquitin ligase complexes that regulate the abundance of proteins involved in cell-cycle progression at the G1-S phase transition. Mouse Cul1–/– embryos showed an early embryonic lethality, and a deregulation of the cell cycle-regulator cyclin E was observed [21]. Human CUL1 was highly expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and testis and at a lower level in various somatic tissues [22]. In the bovine, based on our RT-PCR experiments, CUL1 presented a more restricted expression profile. It appeared to be expressed preferentially in bovine oocyte and at a low level in testis and muscle, and it was barely detected in brain. The transcript was not amplified from other somatic tissues, including the heart. A third selected EST aligned with the gene encoding the X-linked proto-oncogene MCF2/DBL. Interestingly, Mcf2 was recently shown to display a cancer-testis/germ cell antigen (GCA) expression profile [23]. Members of the cancer testis family of antigens are encoded by genes expressed by cancers of diverse histological origin and, typically, are absent from normal adult tissues, with the exception of male germ cells. Using microarray screening for transcriptional profiling, Segal et al. [23] identified Mcf2 as a novel candidate GCA expressed by clear cell sarcoma/ melanoma of soft parts. Mcf2 expression in mouse is restricted to the gonads and brain, particularly tissues of neuroectodermal origin, with traces in intestine and kidney [24, 25]. These expression sites were confirmed in bovine, with a high expression in the brain, testis, and ovary and expression at trace levels in the intestine. Moreover, we detected MCF2 in spleen and uterus as well as at trace levels in muscle.
The other five ESTs selected for experimental confirmation initially were novel sequences but recently have been found in bovine oocyte or embryo libraries. Four remain uncharacterized. The EST 8B9 represents locus 515535, which is similar to snail soma ferritin. Intriguingly, no other mammalian orthologue has been identified so far, although the Mm.26145 gene encoding a ferritin-like structure containing protein was recently isolated in a mouse oocyte-specific EST library [15]. The corresponding five genes displayed distinct patterns of tissue distribution. Four of them were, indeed, preferentially expressed in the oocyte or gonads. 5B4, 6D3, and 8D7 were strongly expressed in the oocyte and testis and were detected in the ovary, with trace levels found in a few somatic tissues. 8B9 was detected at high level in the oocyte and liver but was barely detectable in the testis. Quite surprisingly, this EST also was isolated in a library subtracted with liver cDNA [15]. In mouse, oocyte-secreted protein 1 (Oosp1) displays a similar high expression specifically in the liver and oocyte/ ovary [26, 27]. This pattern suggests that the corresponding gene is repressed in male germ cells and might be involved in a female specific process in oocyte, follicle, or embryo development. However, the presence in testis of an alternatively spliced transcript cannot be ruled out. Finally, the EST 7F3 was ubiquitously detected. Considering the lower amount of substrate in the PCR reaction for the oocyte as compared to other tissues, the RT-PCR profile remains compatible with an overexpression in the oocyte. Only a quantitative approach could confirm or contradict this hypothesis.
To further characterize these eight genes, we studied their expression pattern during in vitro preimplantation development. The transcripts were abundant in oocyte, readily detected until the 5- to 8-cell stage, and dramatically degraded by the morula stage (or the blastocyst stage for BTG4). A similar repression at the maternal-to-embryo transition of the bovine oocyte marker genes MATER, ZAR1, GDF9, BMP15, and NALP9 was previously observed [9–11]. Indeed, the vast majority of mouse oocyte-specific genes were reported not to be activated at the time of major zygotic genome activation [28]. Interestingly, the gene encoding the EST 7F3 also appeared to be silenced in morulae and blastocysts, although it had been detected ubiquitously in our panel of tissues (Fig. 4). We noticed that expression of CUL1 and the EST 7F3 reproducibly displayed a transient increase at the 2- to 4-cell and at the 4- to 5/8-cell transition, respectively. This remains to be confirmed using a quantitative method, such as real-time PCR. However, this would be consistent with data in the mouse showing transient expression of Cul1 at the 1-cell stage, before the major zygotic genome activation [29]. The bovine 4-cell embryo was shown to be transcriptionally active (for review, see [30]), but little is known about the genes that might be activated at such an early stage. ZAR1 was indicated to display such a transient activation [11]. It also was suggested that activating transcription factor 1 might be transcribed that early [31]. It remains to be seen whether a similar profile is observed in the in vivo-produced embryo, because embryo culture was reported to affect gene expression [32]. Altogether, the high level of expression of those eight transcripts in oocytes, contrasting with their degradation in morulae/blastocysts, suggests a specific role in the oocyte or during earlier stages of preimplantation development.
Oocyte-specific genes have often proved to be essential for normal oocyte, follicle, and embryo development in the mouse. Further experiments are planned to characterize and identify the genes represented in our library. Beyond that, we will compare their expressions in various physiological situations to analyze their potential involvement in bovine oocyte quality.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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2 Correspondence: Rozenn Dalbiès-Tran, INRA-PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France. FAX: 33 247 42 77 43; dalbies{at}tours.inra.fr
Received: 7 March 2005.
First decision: 28 March 2005.
Accepted: 31 May 2005.
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIAL AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, a germ cell-specific transcription factor required for ovarian follicle formation. Development 2000 127:4645-4554[Abstract], a germ cell-specific transcription factor involved in the coordinate expression of the zona pellucida genes. Development 1997 124:4939-4947[Abstract]-amanitin and cycloheximide on nuclear progression, protein synthesis, and phosphorylation during bovine oocyte maturation in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 1991 28:249-254[CrossRef][Medline]This article has been cited by other articles:
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  M. Vallee, I. Dufort, S. Desrosiers, A. Labbe, C. Gravel, I. Gilbert, C. Robert, and M.-A. Sirard Revealing the bovine embryo transcript profiles during early in vivo embryonic development Reproduction, July 1, 2009; 138(1): 95 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Vallee, K. Aiba, Y. Piao, M.-F. Palin, M. S H Ko, and M.-A. Sirard Comparative analysis of oocyte transcript profiles reveals a high degree of conservation among species Reproduction, April 1, 2008; 135(4): 439 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A Bonnet, R Dalbies-Tran, and M A Sirard Opportunities and challenges in applying genomics to the study of oogenesis and folliculogenesis in farm animals Reproduction, February 1, 2008; 135(2): 119 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Uzbekova, Y. Arlot-Bonnemains, J. Dupont, R. Dalbies-Tran, P. Papillier, S. Pennetier, A. Thelie, C. Perreau, P. Mermillod, C. Prigent, et al. Spatio-Temporal Expression Patterns of Aurora Kinases A, B, and C and Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation-Element-Binding Protein in Bovine Oocytes During Meiotic Maturation Biol Reprod, February 1, 2008; 78(2): 218 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Adjaye, R. Herwig, T. C. Brink, D. Herrmann, B. Greber, S. Sudheer, D. Groth, J. W. Carnwath, H. Lehrach, and H. Niemann Conserved molecular portraits of bovine and human blastocysts as a consequence of the transition from maternal to embryonic control of gene expression Physiol Genomics, October 19, 2007; 31(2): 315 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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