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The effects of maternal 50% food restriction (FR) during the last week of gestation and/or the lactation on pituitary-gonadal axis (at birth and weaning), on circulating levels of leptin (at weaning) and on the onset of puberty, have been determined in rats at birth and at weaning. Maternal food restriction during pregnancy has no effect at term on the litter size, on the basal level of testosterone in males and on the drastic surge of circulating testosterone which occurs two hours after birth. At weaning, similar body growth retardation is observed in male and female pups from mothers exposed to FR.This undernutrition induces the most drastic effects when it is performed during both gestation and lactation or during the lactation alone. Drastic testicle growth retardation with reduction of cross-section area and intratubular lumen of the seminiferous tubules is observed in males from mothers exposed to undernutrition during both gestation and lactation or during the lactation alone. Maternal FR during the perinatal period reduces circulating levels of FSH in males without affecting LH and testosterone concentrations. Maternal FR does not affect circulating levels of LH, estradiol and progesterone in female pups. Females from FR mothers during both gestation and lactation show a significant increase of plasma FSH as well as a drastic ovarian growth retardation. The follicular population was also altered as the number of antral follicles of small size (vesicular follicles) was increased althrough the number of antral follicles of large size (Graafian follicles) was reduced. Maternal FR occurring during both late gestation and lactation (males, females), during the lactation alone (males, females) or the late gestation (females) induces a drastic reduction of plasma leptin and fat mass in pups at weaning. The onset of puberty is delayed in pups of both sexes from mothers exposed to FR during the lactation and during both gestation and lactation. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that a perinatal growth retardation induced by maternal FR has long-term consequences on both size and histology of the genitals, on plasma gonadotropins and leptin levels and on fat stores deposits at weaning as well as on the onset of puberty.
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