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BOR - Papers in Press, published online ahead of print July 30, 2003.
Biol Reprod 2003, 10.1095/biolreprod.103.019745
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biolreprod.103.019745v1
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Submitted May 28, 2003
Returned for revision June 16, 2003
Accepted July 15, 2003

Minireview


Direct and Indirect Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Estradiol

Sandra L. Petersen *, Erich N. Ottem , and Clifford D. Carpenter

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sandyp{at}bio.umass.edu.

Abstract
Estrogen signaling to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons is critical for coordinating the preovulatory surge release of luteinizing hormone (LH) with follicular maturation. Until recently it was thought that estrogen signaled GnRH neurons only indirectly through numerous afferent systems. This minireview presents new evidence indicating that GnRH neurons are directly regulated by estradiol (E2), primarily through estrogen receptor (ER){beta}, as well as indirectly through E2-sensitive neurons in the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) region. The data described suggest that E2 generally represses GnRH gene expression, but that this repression is transiently overcome by indirect, E2-dependent signals relayed by AVPV neurons. Finally, we present evidence that the AVPV neurons responsible for relaying E2 signals to GnRH neurons are multifunctional GABAergic/glutamatergic/neuropeptidergic neurons.

Key words: Neuroendocrinology • Estradiol • Glutamate • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone • Luteinizing hormone




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