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BOR - Papers in Press, published online ahead of print March 24, 2004.
Biol Reprod 2004, 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025932
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Submitted November 26, 2003
Returned for revision December 22, 2003
Accepted March 16, 2004

Reproductive Technology


Use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the Propagation of Rhesus Macaque Offspring

D. P. Wolf *, S. Thormahlen , C. Ramsey , R. Yeoman , J. Fanton , and S. Mitalipov

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wolfd{at}ohsu.edu.

Abstract
The assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) as tailored to the production of rhesus monkeys at the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) are described. Efficient fertilization of mature oocytes recovered by aspiration from females subjected to follicular stimulation was achieved with fresh or frozen sperm by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Embryo development to the early cleavage stage occurred in high frequency. Cryopreserved embryos showed high post-thaw survival and were also transferred in efforts to establish pregnancies. Three methods of transfer were evaluated, two involving embryo placement into the oviduct, laparoscopy and mini-laparotomy, and a non-surgical, trans-cervical approach that resulted in uterine deposition. Early cleaving embryos (days 1-4) were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipients with optimal results and pregnancy rates of up to 36%. Pregnancy rates were similar when two fresh or frozen embryos were transferred (28-30%), although more than two embryos had to be thawed to compensate for embryo loss during freeze-thawing. Normal gestational lengths, birth weights and growth curves were seen with ART-produced infants compared with infants produced by natural mating in the timed mated breeding (TMB) colony at the ONPRC. In 72 singleton pregnancies established following the transfer of ART produced embryos, the live birth rate at 87.5% was statistically identical to that for the TMB colony. Further development of the ARTs should result in increasing use of these techniques to augment conventional approaches to propagating monkeys, especially those of defined genotypes.

Key words: Embryo • Assisted Reproductive Technology • Pregnancy • In vitro fertilization


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