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Abstract
Environmental chemicals are proposed to possess
hormone-like properties such as mimicking natural
hormones, inhibiting the action of hormones, and inducing
abnormal gene expression. Among environmental chemicals,
alkylphenol products (APs), octylphenol (OP) and
nonylphenol (NP), are derived from alkylphenol ethoxylates
and have been reported to be environmentally persistent.
Thus, in the present study, we examined the effect of two
APs, OP and NP, on the expression of Calbindin-D9k
(CaBP-9k) following maternal exposure during late
pregnancy in maternal and fetal uterus. Treatment with a
high dose (600 mg/kg body weight (BW)) of OP and NP
resulted in an induction of CaBP-9k mRNA at day 5 of
lactation as did a single treatment with
diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17
-estradiol (E2) in
maternal uterus. The expression of CaBP-9k mRNA was also
induced following treatment with high dose (600 mg/kg BW)
of OP transferred from the mother exposed to fetuses
during late pregnancy and persisted through day 5 of
lactation. It is of interest that treatments with high
doses of OP (400 and 600 mg/kg BW) reduced the expression
of maternal ER
mRNA as E2 did. However, all
doses of NP resulted in an inhibition of neonatal
ER, while only the high dose of OP (600 mg/kg BW)
induced the reduction of neonatal ER mRNA
expression as E2 did. In parallel with mRNA, the
expression of CaBP-9k protein was significantly
induced by treatment with a high dose of OP and NP. In
conclusion, maternal exposure to APs, OP and NP, during
late pregnancy increased the expressions of CaBP-9k
mRNA and protein in maternal and neonatal uteri. These
results suggest that the absorption and distribution of
environmental estrogenic compounds in maternal and
neonatal uteri are extremely rapid, and these chemicals
can easily pass though placenta during pregnancy to affect
functions of neonatal reproductive tissues.
Key words:
Environment •
Pregnancy •
Gene regulation •
Placental transport •
Steroid hormones
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