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BOR - Papers in Press, published online ahead of print June 30, 2004.
Biol Reprod 2004, 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031740
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Submitted May 6, 2004
Returned for revision June 2, 2004
Accepted June 16, 2004

Male Reproductive Tract


Differential Expression and Antibacterial Activity of EP2 Isoforms in the Male Reproductive Tract of Human and Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Maria Christina W. Avellar *, Luciana Honda , Katherine G. Hamil , Suresh Yenugu , Gail Grossman , Peter Petrusz , Frank S. French , and Susan H. Hall

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: avellar{at}farm.epm.br.

Abstract
The EP2 gene, the fusion of two ancestral {beta}-defensin genes, is highly expressed in the epididymis and subject to species specific regulation at the levels of promoter selection, transcription and mRNA splicing. EP2 mRNA expression is also androgen-dependent and at least two of the secreted proteins bind spermatozoa. Alternative splicing produces more than 17 different EP2 mRNA variants. In this report, the expression of EP2 variants was profiled in different tissues from the human and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) male reproductive tract using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Different EP2 mRNA variants were identified not only in human and rhesus testis and epididymis but also in the novel sites, seminal vesicle and prostate. Immunolocalization of EP2 protein in epithelial cells from rhesus and human seminal vesicle demonstrated that EP2 transcripts are translated in these tissues. In addition, two novel splicing variants, named EP2R and EP2S, were discovered. EP2C was the only splice variant expressed in all tissues tested from rhesus monkey. However, expression was not detected in human testis or seminal vesicle. For the first time, bactericidal function was demonstrated for EP2C, EP2K and EP2L. Taken together, the results indicate that EP2 expression is more widespread in the male reproductive tract than realized previously. Whereas the activity of every EP2 variant tested thus far is antibacterial, further investigation may reveal additional physiological roles for EP2 peptides in the primate male reproductive tract.

Key words: Male Reproductive Tract • Testis • Epididymis • Prostate • Seminal vesicles


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