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BOR - Papers in Press, published online ahead of print August 3, 2005.
Biol Reprod 2005, 10.1095/biolreprod.104.036673
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Submitted October 7, 2004
Returned for revision November 5, 2004
Accepted July 25, 2005

Embryo


Growth and Differentiation of Embryoid Bodies Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Effect of Glucose and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Melissa L.M. Khoo , Leon R. McQuade , Murray S.R. Smith , Justin G. Lees , Kuldip S. Sidhu , and Bernard E. Tuch *

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: b.tuch{at}unsw.edu.au.

Abstract
Differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells generally occurs after formation of three-dimensional cell aggregates, known as embryoid bodies (EBs). This differentiation occurs following suspension culturing of EBs in media containing a high glucose (25 mM) concentration. Although high glucose-containing media is used for maintenance and proliferation of ES cells, it has not been demonstrated whether this is a necessary requirement for EB development. To address this, we examined the growth and differentiation of EBs established in 0 mM, 5.5 mM (physiological) and 25 mM (high) glucose concentrations, through morphometric analysis and examination of gene and protein expression. The effect on EB development of supplementation with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) was also studied. We report that the greatest rate of EB growth occurs in 5.5 mM glucose media. A morphological study of EBs over 104 days duration under glucose-containing conditions demonstrated the development of all three major embryonic cell types. The difference from normal human development was obvious in the lack of rostro-caudal control by the notochord. In the latest stages of development the main tissue observed appeared to be cartilage and cells of a mesodermal lineage. We conclude that physiological glucose concentrations are suitable for the culturing of EBs, the addition of FGF2 enhances the temporal expression of genes including POU5F1, nestin, FOXA2, ONECUT1, NEUROD1, PAX6, and insulin, and that EBs can be cultured in vitro for long periods, allowing for further examination of developmental processes.

Key words: Embryo • Developmental biology • Early development • Gene regulation


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G. M. Hoben, E. J. Koay, and K. A. Athanasiou
Fibrochondrogenesis in Two Embryonic Stem Cell Lines: Effects of Differentiation Timelines
Stem Cells, February 1, 2008; 26(2): 422 - 430.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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